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 sounds to me that they would benefit first from that debasement and then the negative consequences would kind of trickle down the society like they do in modern times yeah yeah and and I think that that's what people who you know and I'm not a Roman economic historian by any means but that's what my colleagues who are um would broadly tend to assume hey everybody Welcome to bald guy money I am bald guy and this is a special episode today because with metal prices pulling back people are getting nervous

in fact the same people that were telling me in January in the comments section that gold wouldn't finish the year above $2,000 are now panicking that it's Fallen to just below $2,600 an ounce so in moments like this I think it's important to zoom out and take a look at how far we've come because despite the ups and downs we remain in a solid upward trend for gold that trend has not been broken and the price today is 181% higher than the average price since 1990 for silver stackers the same

applies despite the famous blowoff top event in 2011 and 2012 because overall the trend remains up it hasn't reversed despite this scary pullback which so far has performed in line with my price pullback targets that I showed you all two weeks ago and the price of silver today remains 127% higher than the average price price since 1990 so in this video we are going to do the ultimate zoom out we are going to zoom out a couple thousand years as we chat with the world's number one Authority on ancient Roman history you

may recognize her from her documentary series on Rome done by the BBC or you may recognize her name from the many books she's authored on the topic of ancient Rome she is Cambridge University professor and historian Mary beard and she joined me for a chat this week to discuss some topics that were as relevant in ancient Rome as they are in 2024 including the role of gold and silver as money and wealth preservation tools government welfare and handouts we discussed wages and the economy banking

land ownership inflation and much more now just before we dive in if you're in the United States and want to buy gold or silver at a great price just like these products here which I think are the best deals going right now please be sure to check out www.summit.com all the products they sell are verified to be authentic and the service is first class it costs nothing to check them out and I think it's worth your time and worth giving them a shot at earning your business now without any further Ado here is my

conversation with Mary beard so I'm honored to have the opportunity to sit down today with English class assist trustee at the British museum Cambridge University professor and author author everybody who specializes in the history of ancient Rome Mary beard Mary welcome to bald guy money uh thanks very much it's great to be with you uh what I like most about what you do is that instead of focusing solely on Emperors and the elites of Rome you really provide people with a clear view of what the lives of Romans who lived

under the rulers was like and in that line of thought what can you tell us about some of the ways Romans earned money including of course jobs they worked but any handouts they may have also received and did those handouts look anything like social welfare does in the 21st century um that's quite a that's a trickier one than than it sounds I mean people often look back to ancient Rome and they say look um one the things that you were um you could get given as what looks like a social welfare handout to

us is um a regular Dole of what I call in the UK corn aspect if we're in America it's wheat right um and people say look this is an early form of of welfare payment now in a certain sense it might be but I think what's really interesting about the Roman case is it doesn't go to the absolute poorest um it goes to people who are citizens it is a perk of citizenship it's not a welfare benefit um so if you're not a citizen you don't qualify for getting uh the free or sometimes

subsidized wheat uh and that's I think quite a good example of how careful you have to be about um a assuming that things that look a bit similar in ancient Rome and now um really are quite the same because I think that s that hand out of wheat is is in interesting it's interesting because it's it's about what you qualify for by virtue being a citizen now that apart um you can find all sorts of things that look similar um you know I I suspect that if you go to the real Ordinary People of let's say ancient

Roman Italy and it wouldn't look too different I suspect outside um you get people picking up money um by day laboring by casual work um you know I think it's the um the ancient equivalent of the zero hours contract really um they are um you know they're turning up and getting money at at the Docks they're volunteering um to give a bit of help for cash to the local Carpenter when he's got a big job on um and so forth now it's hugely complicated in Rome because of the the

importance of enslaved labor so I'm here talking about um the urban free core but of course an awful lot of the the grinding work um the very very um low-level agriculture labor for example is being done by people who are enslaved so seeing it from from our point of view there isn't that that sense of a labor market in quite the same way there is and we know because we see on their tombstones and we see free people or maybe ex slaves who are making money in all those kind of ways um or you know

selling things or being flower sellers or um dealing in pearls if they're a bit more upm Market but it's hugely skewed for the average person I think the other thing that we have going to put in the picture between um labor selling selling your labor or sometimes your skill selling your labor or your skill and the hand out is the sense that Rome was a very hierarchical Society um where you did expect to form a relationship with those a bit further up the tree than you and you would expect them to help you out

when needed so the idea that your Patron might tide you over now that's something that is not at all um found in the modern world but I think was terribly important in Ancient Rome you looked up the social hierarchy for help so it sounds like maybe they had a little bit more of what we would call a gig economy even in the 21st century now many of my viewers who watch my videos like to comment in the comment section of my my videos by saying a Denarius was what a person earned for a day's work in Rome

and for those of people watching this video who are not fil familiar with the Denarius I have I have one here that is a silver coin that was the that that was a denomination of the of the Roman currency now what I wanted to ask you Mary is do we know if that's true throughout the entirety of the empire of of Romans history that they were earning a Denarius a day is that period specific or does it only apply to certain occupations uh it is one of the most complicated things that you can possibly

start to wonder about now I'm going to say you know for a kickoff that that's not a bad rule of thumb right that you know a Denarius a day it's certainly not universally true and it's not universally true um you know at all periods but um I think it you could do worse by starting with that you know you know little factoid so and I think what the problem is is that we have um you know in all sorts of different um from all sorts of different sources we've got um some indication of

what a a man or a woman might get paid for a day's labor in third Century Egypt or we've got um you know a little scrap of evidence from first century BC Rome um then we know um what soldiers get paid that's often a really good Baseline we know that um in the reign of Augustus soldiers are getting paid 2 225 dinar e a year and that goes up to about 300 um at the end of the first century uh ad um the the problem is putting all that together and knowing how typical it is so I think if

you go back to solders pay which looks like you know you've got really good clear evidence for that um in literary sources um that we believe are reliable literary sources but it's very hard to know what they actually have to spend what you know what that money is for I mean how much for example are soldiers being asked to pay for their own uniforms and their own fting equipment I mean I I think of this is we often get um little scandals about budget Airlines um where the cabin crew have to buy their own uniform well there

that might be an issue uh in in Rome I mean so if you think of 225 dinar e it if it's pocket money that looks pretty good you know if you're getting your food you know and your uniform and a place to sleep because you're you know up the base that you know looks as if the soldiers are doing reasonably well if they've got loads of deduction from that and there are certainly some deductions it's a different kettle of fish so I think it's it's always terribly hard to get a big picture from

which you can generalize particularly when you move from the capital to the provinces and it is a reasonable bet just like now that um that you get higher wages and there are higher prices in Rome itself than you know in some bited town in Roman Britain uh and it changes by period there there is in there is inflation um so it's you know actually getting an overview that's what's hard um you know you can certainly find you can certainly find guys and probably women too are earning your Denarius a day um so it's in that

sense it's not it's not wrong but it's okay but you you you the the full picture is you know a lot you a lot more complicated okay I do want to talk a little bit about the inflation aspect but before before I ask you about that what I wanted to ask you about is if Romans were able to save a significant amount of what they earned uh how did they save and another question would be did Banks play a role at all in storing their savings and what do we know about that today that is um again you know every question

you're asking me you know takes you into one of these black holes which ABS fascinating but it's very hard to give a firm answer uh one question that I think has puzzled a lot of people is how wealth is stored now if we're if we go to the the upper echelons of Rome in a sense wealth is stored in land you know you you put your money into land land is what guarantees your wealth and keeps it right so um part of the answer for the very rich is that um we know that if you go more to the idea of what am I valuables you

know what a you know what would I what would I like to um make sure didn't get stolen you know where where you know some of my wealth is residing in that nice silverware that I've bought now sometimes we know that they use Roman temples they use temples as strong boxes and there's one temple in the Forum the Temple of cter in Rome um where we know people used to deposit their valuables because it was a good lockup really um and we also know it was a target of Thieves because we have jokes about

people's valuables getting nicked from the Temple of Casta so you know that's you know that that's one thing I think that the further you go down the spectrum of Roman social life you you come very quickly to um I suspect uh the majority of people who don't have savings they do not have savings and much like today I think it probably is much like today although we're always told by our government that we shouldn't we should make sure we save um and you you see that there's a very

fine line I think between managing U managing by getting a bit of Labor um by help maybe from your Patron or whatever and being destitute and I I think that one of the things that is hardest to take about ancient Rome when you think about poverty at the bottom um is that poverty you know I'm putting this horribly crudely poverty um was a problem that solved itself because ultimately the poor the destitute died um and it's very hard to get much of a glimpse of them because because they they don't leave a trace we hear

complaints of people who living in tombs or um kind of having a sort of little Shanty Town under an aqueduct uh we occasionally there's some interesting wool paintings at Pompei which what looks like shows what looks like a beggar in the Forum um but you can't get a picture of the really poor and you can't it's hard to know how quickly people could fall pull through the bottom but I suspect quicker than we imagine I think that that it's a that it's a pre unless you are a unless you have property unless

you are a landowner um it's a very precarious ious existence and we look at tombstones and it you know they're telling us um it's not bad being dead because I don't have the rent collector coming around every week they wouldn't say week because it's Rome but but you know what I mean and I think Bank yeah banks are extremely um but they're not like our banks I mean I think we think of banking as um you know think of it well either at the very upper echelons it's Goldman Sachs um or it's our local Wells

Fargo High Street Bank we try to put a little bit of money into our savings account um banking doesn't work like that in Rome although we confusingly use the same uh term uh and you see that most clearly and it's really worth looking him up um in Pompei where the the account records of a guy we call a banker kilus yukus um were discovered um still preserved after the eruption and you know we can see what this guy is doing and our our our friendly Banker in Pompei is basically um uh you know a street

Hustler um with a bit of means he is he's lending money um for people to buy things they need right I mean because you know one of shark with like a lone shark he's B basically a lone shark and he's charging interest from everybody right and um so you know if you you think about you know some of the jobs that we're we're talking about and imagining um they require some some kind of capital investment um you know if you want to do um if you want to do couriering if you want to do

you know I'll I'll carry a wood from one side of town to the other you need a mule right you got to buy a mule so there even at the bottom there's quite big um quite big items of expenditure uh that a poor person would be faced with well it's clear that they go along to kilus yukus um he provides them the cash for the MU but at a very well or at a he would say at a decent rate of interest and my guess is that if you don't pay the interest we know exactly what kilus yukus will do he'll come and take the

mule back right something like crus when he would show up at your house when it was on fire and offer you a fair deal to put the fire out right that's right and I think we're seeing that you know right down the bottom you know that that kind of model in its in a much smaller way happens right at the bottom the guy's also an Auctioneer and he's making money there too um because he you know if you want to buy let's let's go on with the mule if the mule is being auctioned um he will again or or a nice

piece of silver it could be or or it could be a little farm um he will um take his Commission on the auction and lend you the money to buy what you want and take the interest of that so he is making it at every place along the along the line and of course you see that what he is catering for he's an absolutely essential part of the local economy in Pompei the what do you do if you need well in our terms what do you do if you need to buy a new washing machine um well we can have it on um on on installments you know which where

we're also paying interest sounds so different from the modern Banks Mary to be honest when they take a a fee for the Forex exchange and then they're charging you 23 24 25% in some instances on your credit card you know uh ATM overdraft fees sounds like this guy would fit in very well in the 21st century in JP Morgan yes okay I mean you put put like that I think that's you know that's not unfair um it's um I I think that I think he's also quite rough I suspect that you wouldn't want to meet kilus yuk kundas

if you owed him something walking down a back Lane in Pompei late at night you know whereas I think my my my my friendly um overdraft broker at Wells Fargo um doesn't threaten to do me over that's so uh I mentioned a moment ago that I'm a Roman uh coin collector I don't know how you feel about that I know some people are not crazy about the idea of you know common people holding the Roman coins but I have I have many of them and uh many of the coins that collectors get are found in hordes

usually uh found in pots that were that were Roman people whether they were citizens of Rome or people out in the provinces stored a lot of their coins for savings now my next question is why is it if there wasn't a if there weren't proper uh Banks like we understand them today and obviously gentlemen who will maybe break a finger or even more uh if you get involved with them the wrong way why is it that Romans turn to hoarding coins uh were they trying to protect against debasement or was that really

their their their favorite option um again the true answer is we don't know but we can make some good guesses I mean I think that um if you sort of modify a bit what I've said you know been pretty um pretty extreme about the destitution problem in Rome and we tend to forget that but if you go up a little way to um the people who are managing okay then you know they they're not rich um they've got a they've got a bar right they they've got a bar and they're buying and selling uh wine um fast food

and they're managing and they make a bit of a profit now what and let's say let's go back to pompe because we know most about that um what you can't do with your local Neighborhood Bank at kilus you couldn't because it isn't a deposit bank so you're not um you're going for money you're paying interest but you're not saying I'd like to put you know 500 dinari on deposit for a year right um it's what what the banker there is doing is fa itting transaction he's not taking

your cash and giving you a small rate of return so what do these people do with this I mean if you made a bit of a profit um well you know one possibility is that you take it to your local temple I suspect we know about this in Rome but I suspect that um that temples in other cities are actually acting as a kind of strong strong boxes for people but also and you see this in in Pompei um you've got a big chest a big wooden chest with great metal bars around it and a lock and you shove it under the bed really or

you know in the front hall or um on the Upper Floor of your bar you know when you just had a great sort of fantastic good you know few days um you know selling your best wine and it's gone down very well and you've made a few dinari you put it upstairs um now and I think that's likely I think that's by far the most likely I think then the the issue about hordes is so why do why do we find these hordes well probably they are a consequence of threatened disaster in some way you know you um there's a

terrible flood coming right you you you got to beat it you know or same pom a volcano is erupting you're going to beat it with with your wife and kids um and you don't want you're not going to leave your money behind but your money is weighing you down so as you flee you see this great big tree a landmark tree you'll never never be able to forget it you dig a hole you shove the money in there and you think right I'm going to come back later you know when when this is over I'll come back and get the money

it's it's hidden under that tree and I'll never forget it well at actually sometimes you do come back and find the money I'm sure other times you don't make it out or you forget which tree it was um so the hordes are are often the unsuccessful attempts to find a place to put the stuff I have two dinari with me today I have one from the Republican period And I have one from the time of septimia seus and if I look at these dinari I mean I see that the one from the Republican period is significantly

thicker it it weighs more and I'm sure you know these coins lose a little bit over time but I can see that there must have been some debasement in the currency between when this Republican Denarius was struck and when this one was struck by Septimus Severus so going a bit deeper since I mentioned debasement you mentioned inflation earlier what can you tell us about currency de basement in Roman times uh when there was debasement also I guess I'm curious did prices adjust to reflect that debasement like they do in modern

times we imagin so I mean I I think that what you have to to to reckon is that the idea of economic policy in our terms the idea of any sort of policy in our terms about anything um but by the Emperor or or by the central authorities is it's really an anacronismo had a pol you know by and large Rome is reactive and it wants no trouble it's not sitting there and thinking no if we were to put a legion here and you know in just forar for my viewers Parthia would be What modern day Iran is like Persians correct that's

right and always a big a big load of trouble for Rome it's um it was a rival Empire we you know they thought of themselves as um rather up Market the Rome we know about them through Roman sources mostly where they're treated as a very dangerous um a very dangerous load of guys on the Eastern borders of the Empire um so you know even thinking about military policy I think is probably uh just inappropriate anachronistic I think even more so Economic Policy it's not it's not clear how um how

Rome planned and you know basically if they should you know Emperors have got one weapon uh to kind of make do which is to lower the metal content the precious metal content in the the coinage that's that's you know that is their only economic um weapon and of course they they do that and we we believe and we assume that the same kinds of um issues that that we would imagine in an inflationary environment then happen that the prices go up but it's very hard to to track that um on the ground very

very hard indeed and I think I think the other thing that one has to realize um and again it's it just shows how different the ancient economy is from our own so the why Republic is a little bit different but not not very why are Emperors um minting money anyway what do what you know what's what do they what do they need it for and in the modern world we're thinking about commercial transactions and exchange and um the economy of the High Street and all the rest that is not any I think not

anywhere in a Roman Emperor's mind what he needs to do is he needs to pay the soldiers right he basically he needs money to pay the soldiers he also needs money to pay for his let's say his building Works in Rome he is not doing it to facilitate what goes on at the local bar and in a sense the the the Comm commercial offshoots of the coinage um uh are secondary to the fundamental need which is to to pay the troops and to pay for putting up the form of tring or whatever it doesn't sound so much different than

how it works today especially when you think a little bit about the inflationary aspect of it because it sounds to me and please correct me if I'm wrong that if there was some kind of debate the emperor uh so to say because I my understanding is that the emperor was responsible for minting gold and silver coins techn technically yes though how this you know we but it sounds to me that they would benefit first from that debasement and then the negative consequences would kind of trickle down

the society like they do in modern times yeah yeah and and I think that that's what people who you know and I'm not Roman economic historian by any means but that's what my colleagues who are um would broadly tend to assume I think the problem is um that the only way we have really of understanding the Roman economy because they don't tell us right is to use what we believe to be fundamental economic rules from the modern world and to kind of work you know play them out um in the

ancient world now that's that may not be misleading but we're not we're not getting the kind of any sort of gritty analysis about economic um about economic circumstances failures um successes um what you might do I mean I think it's very very interesting that there is only one place that in in surviving Roman literature there's only one place where a kind of what looks like a hardheaded profit and loss calculation uh goes on it's when the geographer strabo says that conquering Britain if

the Romans were to conquer Britain he's writing before the invasion of Claudius in the mid 1st Century ad if the Romans were to conquer Britain it would be a financial disaster because it would cost more to take and hold Britain in terms of Army troops Etc than the profits that you would get from it in terms of lead mwy cloaks and I'm afraid because it's Rome um slaves now that is the one place where we actually see someone doing a simple profit loss estimate um and if you think think you

know that's the only time now I'm not for a minute suggesting that um those kind of calculations weren't in all sorts of people's heads um you know that's down to you know the local ban who thinks well you know if I buy the you know the really upmarket wine would I really be able to sell it for 12 asses rather than six asses you know I'm sure all those there all those practical calculations must go on um but we only see it we only actually see it once now I've read spqr cover to cover

and I've read 12 Caesars cover to cover and I even have a photograph of myself and I'm going to be sharing it on Twitter soon of myself with 12 Caesars translated in Polish and and I and I have yeah so you know you're very popular but I can't remember which one I read it in I believe it must have been 12 Caesars where it mentions that doiss was one of the only Emperors to manage the the the money in a way where the metal content actually increased during his Reign do I remember that correctly

yeah it's more or less yes um in fact I think what's quite interesting is that some of the Emperors that we think of as the bad ones the Bad Boys um oh you know or actually um in in some ways if we look at signs for economic Prosperity um we find that perhaps they were the the hard-nosed realists and demission is is one of is there proof that under demission there was more economic Prosperity potentially linked with you know s sound money management I'm I'm just going out on a limb here all we've got is you know we

we we're extrapolating back from um from the coinage and also you know we're also extrapolating back from little bits of evidence largely preserved in inscriptions where it it does appear that instead of being this mad sadist um who was you know more interested in killing flies than in running the Empire um somebody was running the show pretty effectively under demission no it might not have been demission it might have been um but we have you know inscriptions put up where during the reign of demission

where he's uh and as it were signed off by him but you know you never know somebody signs it off and says this is the decision of demission we don't really know who who took it but um you know looking as if business as usual is very definitely going on and I what's interesting I think is that in but in fact that's true throughout the Roman Empire know that you can't at least up to the third Century you can't see a moment when uh whatever the lurd allegations are uh about the Spen Thrift

luxurious um sadistic and immoral guy on the throne it does seem that somebody is doing the work and running the shop okay so some people today like to draw parallels between the Fall of Ancient Rome and the United States and they say that the USA is in Decline much like Rome was in the third and fourth centuries without getting political I'd like to know if you see any of those parallels and is US debt for example one of those potential signs um you're getting above my pay grade now um it's

um I think that the problem about this and Gibbon in some ways was brilliant but his Decline and fall of the Roman Empire um as in a sense focused you know uh everybody on the idea of Imperial decline right um H and you know from my point of view I I wish I could begin to really understand what goes on in the towards what we would call the end of the the Roman Empire in the west now you have to be careful when you're talking about the decline of the Roman Empire because the Byzantine empire in the East thought of

themselves as Romans and lasted till the 15th century my husband is a byzantinist and when I talk about the decline of the Roman Empire um as if that might have happened in the third and fourth centuries he looks baffled and says that in his part of the world you know we're going strong until the 15th century um there's all kinds of issues but I think no yet and it's you know it's one of the I suspect one of those insoluble conundra you know is it decline well it depends what your measurement of decline is um uh you

know we're talking economic we're talking military we're talking cultural um and you know there's there's a know one very popular strand of scholarship on this and I'm not sure I go along with it entirely but I think but I was it was what I was brought up with um which is that what we're dealing with here is a huge transformation of the Western Roman World whether you call it decline or not um in a sense well that's up to you but you've sort of you've already Prejudice the argument

when you call it Decline and I I think of this much more in in cultural terms because I that's more what I you know what I have I work on you know and I I look at these people like you know the vandals of North Africa and the vandals of North Africa have got a terrible reputation haven't they you know partly because they're called vandals and we use Vandal they're supposed to be coming and destroying everything now you go and look what the vandals are doing in North Africa they're codifying Roman law and

they're writing wonderful Latin poetry right now um and so you know coming along and saying look it's a slippery slope downwards here well it depends what criteria you have and you know I think there has been a tendency for people to um take a period that we understand very very fragile honestly and use it then to talk about us you know and it's you know it's you name your Empire and then you say it's declining just like the Romans um and the Romans I suspect would be um uh sympathetic to that in a way because you

know one of the things that was absolutely embedded in the idea of Rome's version of long-term history was that Empires Rose and then they fall again you know that you know nobody stays on top forever you know they actually thought they were declining from the second century BC right now we think blim me the second century BC is when everything's going really well um they thought we have now we've conquered too much uh we're on the downward slope and famously skipio Africanus in 2 Century BC and the final

destruction of Carthage which was a very brutal campaign and skipio Africanus um skipio sorry did I say Africanus I mean I anus too many skios around um skipio ianus who finally uh destroys Carthage the actual City destroys it um he's spotted uh as he um watches the Flames destroy the enemy City he's spotted crying he's crying uh and he's um reciting bits of the ilad homus ilad and somebody says to him what you crying for you know you just won right you know this is Victory and you C and he says

it's because the same thing going to happen to us one day you know and so there's a there's a sense that um you know Empires rise and they fall and you know if there's an an inevitability in history it's that rise and fall of Empire um but if I've you know if I've taken something out of our conversation especially kind of pivoting back to something that a lot of my viewers are interested in it's that another thing that seems to be Universal true is that wealth at least in the Roman times was

built through land gold and silver not much different than it would be today um it's not built on um uh Financial Enterprise it's not built on that and it's not built on manufacturing uh uh and and it's not built on technological advancement those are the you know there are some things you're absolutely right really do overlap but there are but I mean one of the things that is very puzzling that you know here the Romans Greeks and Romans we should put the Greeks in here you know they're really interesting

scientific thinkers they're um they are you know highly observant theoretical imaginative in on paper but they don't have make any technological advancement at all really apart from a bit of advancement in Milling you know in water Mills um and one question has been how is it that this you know highly acute scientific Society in some ways I'm not saying your average um Barman was a was a scientist but there is in Rome and and in various bits of ancient Greece you know highly acute scientific thinking it never gets

a practical ele El now the the easy answer to that and it may be true actually is that um slavery put the break on it you didn't need technological advancement because you had it is imagined a fairly Unlimited Supply of cheap labor uh and so slavery in in effect um was a block on Roman development um and it nobody nobody needed to have the kind of technological advancements that we think about when it comes to making making profits in the you know post-industrial Revolution certainly okay so this book from what

I understand this is your latest book right yes it is yes it is this is your latest book now uh I suppose people could buy this probably from Amazon or or or anywhere correct where do you want them to buy it from would be my question to you well I I think well Tri Bond's a noble but I have to say that although as you rightly guessed I'm the kind of person who thinks oh Amazon that's a bit naughty I I do confess that I tend to buy things from Amazon too so I want them to I want people to buy it from

your local bookstore bricks and mor to bookstore would be lovely but don't feel too guilty if you do it online well I thank you so much for coming on the program and talking a little bit about ancient Rome a little bit about how their economy worked how their money worked how they stored wealth uh basically you know all of these things and you want to know what you know in the wake of the latest presidential election I'm on social media a lot and I'm you know I'm seeing people bickering about this and that and

I just think it's fantastic that two people from maybe different sides of the political Spectrum maybe we think differently on some things can get together and have a really fun conversation about things we're both really passionate about well thank you because I think that's really important you know I think it's so important but you know particularly now to be able to disagree without just abusing each other and without thinking we've also got loads and loads in common as well as

differences so if the Roman economy is what binds us I'm very keen on that by the way I also loved your debate with Boris Johnson which I've watched a couple times on YouTube and and that was a fantastic one as well you know so that's just you know in that same line of thinking again thank you very much for coming on the program and I'm wishing you a fantastic day ahead thank you and you okay bye thank you so much thank you very much to everybody who made it this far in the video thank you

very much for watching this conversation that I had with historian Mary beard I am going to end this video by showing you all a calculation I did in 2022 to determine what the value of silver is today based on ancient Roman food prices I will link up the video link to this below if you're interested in checking that out but before I finish I want to ask you all for your feedback on this video I want you to let me know if you want to see more episodes like where we talk about gold and silver in the

context of history and ancient history if so I will try to do more like it in the future and please remember if you found this content interesting or valuable please share it with people you know that helps the channel grow and gets my message out to more people and if you want more of my content please remember you can join my patreon joining also helps support what I am doing here on the YouTube channel and with that said everybody as I say to end all of my videos I'm wishing you all a fantastic

day ahead take care of yourselves and take care of each other goodbye